Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is a valuable tool for investigating and treating cognitive impairments following neurological injury. This lecture explores how techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulate neural activity to enhance cognitive recovery. Hamilton will discuss how these approaches allow for testing models of brain function, facilitating neural reorganization, and improving language abilities in individuals with aphasia. The lecture will examine evidence supporting the use of inhibitory TMS to target maladaptive right hemisphere activity in post-stroke aphasia, as well as the role of tDCS in facilitating recovery in both post-stroke and primary progressive aphasia. Additionally, emerging research using network-informed approaches to personalize neuromodulation based on an individual’s unique brain structure and connectivity will be highlighted. Genetic and behavioral factors influencing treatment response will also be explored. By integrating neuromodulation with cognitive neuroscience and rehabilitation, this research advances precision medicine approaches for neurorehabilitation. Future directions include larger clinical trials and the development of personalized brain stimulation strategies to optimize recovery in individuals with language impairments.