Understanding how the brain represents and responds to emotion is central to predicting human performance and guiding adaptive behavior. In this talk, I will share findings from EEG studies that track the neural signatures of emotional processing across the lifespan and in diverse conditions (such as PTSD, depression, autism spectrum disorders, anxiety, and ADHD). By examining how emotional signals support or interfere with task performance, we uncover patterns of adaptation, resilience, and breakdown. I will also discuss how these insights inform strategies and technologies to nudge emotional and cognitive systems back on track, offering new ways to optimize learning, well-being, and real-world human performance.